ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
AI is a branch of computer science that has a wide range. In 1956, the term AI was first coined.Traditionally Artificial Intelligence is defined as an artificial creation of human-like intelligence that can learn, reason, plan, perceive, or process natural language. The tasks that normally need human intelligence like speech recognition, visual perception, and decision-making all this work now can be easily performed by Artificial Intelligence. The two algorithms which are usually used in the field of AI are Machine learning and Deep learning. Artificial Intelligence has played it's role in every field like education, banking and financial markets, supply chains, manufacturing, retail and e-commerce, and healthcare. The spam-free emails and the recommendations for purchasing products from online sites are shown according to the records of previous purchases are indeed all facilitated by AI technology. Artificial intelligence requires a system in healthcare and to start this system requires a large amount of data. To gather information, machine-learning algorithms are applied then an output is generated to solve a problem in the medical system with that information obtained
HEALTHCARE INNOVATION
Artificial intelligence is being assisted
in various fields of health care like assisting in diagnosis, drug discovery,
and in diagnosis of different cancers.
AI ASSISTING IN DIAGNOSIS
Radiologists can do their work now more
efficiently and accurately by analyzing medical images like MRI, CT scans, and
X-rays through AI algorithms to detect any abnormality in the disease. In
medical imaging through computer-aided detection and segmentation, AI is used
to increase accuracy. Computer systems that use AI are Diagnostic Decision
Support Systems that generate recommendations and help healthcare professionals
assist in multiple possible explanations and suggest the most possible
condition. AI algorithms are helping in early diagnosis and risk evaluation of
certain diseases that are associated with certain genetic markers by
identifying those genetic markers. At least 1 mobile phone is present in 95
percent households of in Pakistan so the camera of this gadget can be used to
detect diseases such as skin and oral cancer through AI.
AI FOR CONCISE MEDICAL DOCUMENTS
Medical documents take lots of time and are a big challenge for healthcare professionals. AI presents electronic health records in addressing several challenges within the healthcare system. From piles of medical documents, AI can streamline the process of fetching relevant patient information with the help of text recognition technology, so there will be no need for unnecessary diagnostic tests ultimately lowering operational costs.
AI ASSISTING IN DRUG DISCOVERY
AI can speed up the process of drug
discovery by identifying novel targets and by predicting the effectiveness and
safety of potential drug candidates. Insilico Medicine is a company that uses
Artificial Intelligence for drug discovery and aging research. A small molecule
TNIC Inhibitor also known as INS018_055 was developed by Insilico medicine
company. To treat Idiopathic Pulmonary Disease (IPF) the company used AI to
identify the target and develop the drug candidate. Research also shows that
age-related diseases could be solved by INS018_055. And more the Inhibitor also
emerged as a prospective candidate for anti-fibrosis. Further research is
showing that it has a role in obesity-related lipid metabolism.
AI FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SKIN DISEASES
The techniques like K nearest neighbor
(kNN), Boltzmann machine, support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, logistic
regression, fuzzy logic, and artificial neural network are availab to diagnose the diseases
are presented along with their accuracies. For example, in diagnosing skin diseases a backpropagation neural
network is used to get the highest level of accuracy. Through artificial intelligence
clinical imaging data is generated which is then used to diagnose skin cancer, skin
lesions, etc. Within a short period, skin cancer can be classified with a level
of competence as compared to a dermatologist who requires years of experience
which they gain from the diagnosis of patients.
AI FOR DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER
A study was conducted in the
field of breast cancer screening effectiveness, specifically focusing on the
impact of digital breast tomosynthesis in detecting cancer during routine
screenings. The study focused on women aged 50–69 years and compared two
screening methods: full-field digitized mammography and full-field digital
mammography with a data-building tool. The use of the data-building tool led to
a non-significant improvement in sensitivity by 76.2% and a significant
increase by 96.4%. This suggests that the additional data-building tool
contributed to a notable enhancement in cancer detection sensitivity during the
screening process.
INDUSTRY ADVANCEMENT
AI FOR SMART FERMENTATION
Petroleum is an energy source but it is not
environment friendly as it creates problems such as global warming so to find
an alternative to its source is a need of time. Plant oil for the production of
biodiesel requires large lands, and the use of these edible oils for biofuel
production hinders with food supply. Microorganisms, microalgae, animal fats,
and plants are gaining interest in the production of biodiesel because of their
low emission of CO2. Microalgae is not a good choice for biofuel production as
they are slow growers, they will not remain viable. One engineered yeast called
Yarrowia lipolytica is constructed as it accumulates more than 20% of
dry cell weight. Industrial-scale fermentation of lipids are performed as it produces biofuel. Monitoring of its
parameters is essential because it is quite a complex process, multivariate,
nonlinear, etc. Sensor devices are integrated into the fermenters to monitor
parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), etc.
However real-time monitoring of biomass, substrate, and lipid production on a
large scale is difficult and creates great challenges for scientists. Artificial
technology based on Artificial neural networks (ANN) provides opportunities for
intelligent microbial fermentation. Backpropagation neural network architecture
is very effective in capturing the nonlinear relationship between multiple
inputs and a single output. It becomes possible to predict complex parameters
for the fermentation process involving various microorganisms using simpler
online measurements.
AI FOR FOOD INDUSTRY
A major objective in the food industry is
to design standard reliable procedures to control the quality of products. The
biggest hurdle for plants that process foods is the irregular availability of
feedstock. Manual sorting takes place ultimately results in loss of efficiency
and the increment in the costs. Food sorting is performed by artificial
intelligence by using a combination of cameras, lasers, and machine learning to
increase efficiency. At each step of the supply chain to ensure compliance with
industry and consumer specifications, food safety monitoring and testing
products are done. Facial recognition and object recognition software are now
available for food safety compliance amongst food workers in food facilities to
make sure that they are complying with good personal hygiene which is the main
motive of food safety law. To limit the chances of cross-contamination by human
cleaning in place systems are programmed to clean equipment in timed cycles. To
save water, time, and energy and to optimize the cleaning process Al-enabled
technology called Self Optimizing Clean in Place is introduced which traces and
measures microbial debris and any food residue in equipment.
PAKISTAN IN THE FIELD OF AI
Pakistan has great potential in AI. Contacttracing app was developed to send automated text when
a Covid-positive patient was there within a meter radius of them. In the peak
days of the COVID-19 pandemic, innovative initiation took place through AI. A
web application called Detect Now was developed for sensing patients' dry
coughs through voice recognition to screen Covid 19. Another technology that is
growing in Pakistan is the Internet of Things (IoT) which indicates physical objects
with sensors, they grow their communication networks with other devices and
exchange data. Real-time data and enormous amounts of data are provided by
these sensors.
The National Centre of ArtificialIntelligence (NCAI) was established in 2018 to promote scientific
research and innovation, redirecting the knowledge to benefit the local economy
and contributing to Pakistan's growth. NCAI has produced 221 AI products and
designs. The sectors which are benefitting include transportation, healthcare,
and media monitoring. agriculture, judiciary, education, manufacturing
industry, security, etc. While it is very enchanting to see start-ups like
Motive working in applied and scientific research in AI and
resolving problems within Pakistan, the ratio is still quite low. The
Government of Pakistan should invest in programs that address or accommodate
specific issues for effective implementation of AI.
CONCLUSION
Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing and transforming various sectors, particularly healthcare and industry. In healthcare sectors, AI assists in diagnosis, drug discovery, and medical documentation assisting in early disease diagnosis and discovery of new treatment. Industrial processes are enhancing like fermentation and food production through AI so the overall quality and safety of food are increasing. Pakistan is also taking initiatives like the Contact Tracing app for healthcare challenges and the establishment of the National Centre of Artificial Intelligence to promote local research and innovation however there is a need to increase investment and collaboration to promote local economy.
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